The Transformation Process as an Adaptive Cycle Illustrated by Recovery from Desertification in Shinyanga

Abstract

The paper delineates a framework for social-ecological system assessment and transformation based on Holling’s adaptive cycle. It considers assessments of disturbance beyond the biophysical system's capacity to recover. The transformation process for recovery is depicted as an adaptive cycle of using human and economic resources (exploitation phase), accumulating knowledge as well as social, cultural, and economic capital (accumulation phase), formulating new approaches to biophysical system management (disturbance phase), and developing new institutional arrangements (reorganization phase). The transformation process leads to the implementation of management interventions for the biophysical system. Interventions relate to the four phases of the biophysical system adaptive cycle: (1) reducing pressure on the resource (exploitation phase), (2) addressing legacy issues (accumulation phase), (3) increasing system resilience (disturbance phase), and (4) rehabilitating adverse effects (reorganisation phase).

In Shinyanga, Tanzania, before colonial occupation, there were intact Miombo and Acacia woodlands. Woodland clearance to eradicate tsetse flies and expand agriculture led to soil erosion and desertification. Centralized attempts at restoration by the colonial government, and subsequently the independent government, failed to be implemented. When a new centralized program was established in 1986, the program manager found he needed to work in partnership with local farmers and incorporate traditional knowledge and institutions to be effective. The traditional practice of ngitili enclosures (areas of standing vegetation that remain closed to livestock during the wet season to be used as fodder resources during the dry season) was integrated with modern agroforestry techniques. A nested system of village, regional, and national institutions was created, and international financial contributions were received. Restoration of woodlands was achieved, and other ecosystem services increased, such as wood supply, bringing economic benefits and improving biodiversity. Sustainability analysis identified disturbance threats to be managed for ongoing sustainability, such as population growth, elite capture of benefits, and rule compliance by neighboring villages.